P

Pachysandra.—This early hardy perennial has ornamental foliage and blooms in April. It will succeed in almost any soil, and may be increased by suckers from the roots. Height, 1 ft.

Paeonies.—These beautiful flowering plants are mostly hardy enough to endure our winters. The herbaceous kinds are increased by dividing the plants at the roots, leaving a bud on each slip. The shrubby species are multiplied by cuttings taken in August or September, with a piece of the old wood attached, and planted in a sheltered situation. Tree Paeonies require protection in winter, and may be propagated by grafting on to the others, by suckers, or by layers. New varieties are raised from seed. A rich, loamy soil suits them best. Height, 2 ft.

Palms from Seed.—Soak the seed in tepid water for twenty-four hours, then put them singly 1 in. deep in 2-in. pots filled with equal parts of loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Cover the pots with glass and stand them in the warmest part of a hothouse. Shade from strong sunshine, and keep the soil just moist. Re-pot as soon as the roots have filled the old ones.

Pampas Grass.—See "Gynerium."

Pampas Lily of the Valley.—See "Withania."

Pancratium.—A handsome class of plants. Their habit of growth is somewhat like that of the Amaryllis. They are admirably adapted for growing in pots in the greenhouse. They may also be planted in the open ground under a south wall. The bulbs should be placed in a composition of three parts light, sandy loam and one of vegetable mould. They are increased by off-sets from the roots, or by seeds, by which the new varieties are obtained. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.

Pandanus Veitchi (Variegated Screw Pine).—For table decoration or vases this is a most useful plant. It requires a warm greenhouse where a temperature of 60 or 70 degrees can be kept up throughout the year, and grows well in equal parts of peat and loam with one-sixth part sand. During the autumn a little liquid manure is beneficial. In the winter months it should be watered carefully, but in the summer it is improved by syringing with warm water. It is propagated very easily by suckers taken off in spring or summer, placed in a temperature of 75 degrees.

Panicum.—Handsome ornamental grasses. They will grow in any soil or situation. P. Capillare is an annual, suitable for bouquets or edgings; it is increased by seed. P. Altissimum, an annual, and P. Sulcatum, a most elegant greenhouse plant, are fine for specimens. P. Plicatum is highly ornamental and hardy, but is best grown as a conservatory or window plant; it has a Palm-like appearance, and is of quick growth. Most of the plants flower in July. They may be propagated by seed or by division of the roots. Average height, 1-1/2 ft.

Pansies (Heartsease).—Grow well from seed sown in July or August on a raised bed of light earth. They may also be increased from cuttings taken in August, September, April, or May, selecting young side-shoots and planting them in light earth mixed with silver sand. The cuttings should be kept in a cool frame, moderately moist, and shaded from the hot sun. They can likewise be increased by layers, merely pegging them down and not slitting them on account of their tendency to damp off. They may also be increased by dividing the roots in April or May. They should be planted where they will get all the morning sun, yet be sheltered from mid-day rays; in an open and airy situation, yet protected from cutting winds. While the plants are blooming they should be supplied with liquid manure.

Papaver (Poppy).—These showy flowers are most at home in a rich, light soil. They are easily raised from seed sown where they are intended to bloom. The perennials may also be increased by dividing the roots. They flower at midsummer. Height varies from 1 ft. to 3 ft.

Pardanthus Chinensis.—See "Iris."

Parsley.—In order to grow Parsley to perfection it is necessary that the ground be well drained, as the roots and stems must be kept dry, and the soil should be rich and light. Three sowings may be made during the year: the first in spring for late summer and autumn use, the next in June for succession, and another in August or September for spring and early summer use. Thin out or transplant, to 6 in. apart. Parsley takes longer than most seeds to germinate; it must therefore be watched during dry weather and watered if necessary. Plants potted in September and placed in a cold frame, or protected in the open from rain and frost with a covering of mats supported by arches, will be valuable for winter use.

Parsnips.—These succeed best in a rich soil, but the application of fresh manure should be avoided, as it induces forked and ill-shaped roots. Let the ground be trenched two spits deep and left ridged up as long as possible. As early in March as the weather will permit level the surface and sow the seed in drills 15 in. apart, covering it with half an inch of fine soil. When the plants are 2 or 3 in. high, thin them out to 9 in. apart. They may be taken up in November and, after cutting off the tops, stored in a pit or cellar in damp sand, or they may be left in the ground till required for use.

Passion Flower.—Cuttings of the young shoots strike readily in sand under glass. The plant likes a good loamy soil mixed with peat. A sheltered position with a south or south-western aspect should be assigned those grown out of doors, and the root should be well protected in winter. The flowers are borne on seasoned growth of the current year: this fact must be considered when pruning the plants. During the hot months the roots require a copious supply of water, and the foliage should be syringed freely. Passiflora Cærulea is fine for outdoor culture, and Countess Guiglini makes a capital greenhouse plant.

Pavia Macrostachya.—This is a deciduous hardy shrub or tree which bears elegant racemes of white Chestnut-like flowers in July. Any soil suits it. It is propagated by layers or by grafting it on to the Horse-chestnut. Height, 10 ft.

Peaches.—These are best grown on a strong loam mixed with old mortar; though any soil that is well drained will produce good fruit. When possible, a south wall should be chosen; but they are not particular as to position, providing they are afforded shelter from cold winds. November and February are the most favourable months for planting. The roots should be carefully arranged at equal distances apart, 3 or 4 in. below the surface of soil, and then covered with fine mould. Avoid giving manure at all times, except when the trees are bearing fruit heavily. Train the shoots about 6 in. apart, removing all the wood-buds except one at the base of the shoot and one at the point. Keep the flowers dry and free from frost by means of an overhead shelter, to which tiffany or canvas can be attached, which should, however, only be used so long as the cold weather lasts. To ensure good fruit, thin the same out to 6 in. apart as soon as it attains the size of a small pea, and when the stoning period is passed remove every alternate one, so that they will be 1 ft. apart. After gathering the fruit, remove any exhausted and weak wood, leaving all that is of the thickness of a black-lead pencil. To keep the foliage clean, syringe once a day with water; this may be continued until the fruit is nearly ripe. The following may be recommended for outdoor cultivation:—Hale's Early, Dagmar, and Waterloo for fruiting in July or August; Crimson Galande, Dymond, and the well-known Bellegarde for succession in September; and Golden Eagle for a late sort. When planted in quantities, Peaches should stand 20 ft. apart.

When grown under glass a day temperature of 50 degrees, falling to 45 degrees at night, is sufficient to start with, gradually increasing it so that 65 degrees by day and 55 by night is reached at the period of blossoming. Syringe the leaves daily until the flowers are produced, then discontinue it, merely keeping the walls near the pipes and the paths damp. As soon as the fruit is set the syringing should recommence. Water of the same temperature as that of the house should in all cases be used. When the fruit begins to ripen, cease once more the syringing until it is gathered, then admit air freely, wash the trees daily, and apply liquid manure to the roots in sufficient quantities to keep the soil moist during the time the trees are at rest. Rivers's Early, Pitmaston Orange, Dagmar, and Royal George are all good under glass.

Pears.—Wherever Apples are a success Pears will grow. As a rule, they are best grown dwarf. On light soils they should be grafted on to Pear stocks, but on heavy soils they are best worked on the Quince. The fruiting of young trees may be accelerated by lifting them when about five years old, spreading out the roots 1 ft. below the surface of the soil, and mulching the ground. The mulching should be raked off in the spring, the ground lightly stirred with a fork and left to sweeten, and another mulching applied when the weather becomes hot and dry. In pruning, leave the leading branches untouched, but let all cross shoots be removed, and the young wood be cut away in sufficient quantity to produce a well-balanced tree, and so equalise the flow of sap. Some of the pruning may be done in summer, but directly the leaves fall is the time to perform the main work. A good syringing once a week with the garden hose will keep the trees vigorous and free from insects. Should scab make its appearance on the leaves, spray them occasionally with Bordeaux Mixture, using the minimum strength at first, and a stronger application afterwards if necessary. There are over 500 varieties of Pears, so it is no easy matter to give a selection to suit all tastes, but a few may be named as most likely to give satisfaction. Louise Bonne de Jersey succeeds in almost any soil and in any situation, is a great favourite, and ripens its fruit in October. Beurré Giffard makes a fine standard, and ripens in July. Beurré Hardy is delicious in October and November. Doyenné du Comice is one of the best-flavoured, and is very prolific. Beurré d'Amanlis ripens in August. Williams's Bon Chrêtien, Aston Town, Pitmaston Duchess, Clapp's Favourite, Comte de Lamy, and Josephine de Malines are all reliable for dessert, while for stewing purposes Catillac, Black Pear of Worcester, Verulam, and Vicar of Winkfield are among the best. In orchards standards should be from 20 to 25 ft. apart; dwarfs 12 ft. to 1 rod.

Peas.—For the production of heavy summer and autumn crops a rich and deeply-stirred soil is essential, one of the best fertilisers being well-decayed farmyard manure; but for the earliest crop a poorer soil, if deep and well pulverised, will give the best results. Peas under 3 ft. in height do not require sticking, but they can be more easily gathered if a few small twigs are used to keep the haulm off the ground. If sown in successive lines the space between the rows should correspond with the height of the variety grown. A good plan is to arrange the rows 10 or 15 ft. apart, and crop the intervening spaces with early dwarf vegetables. The earliest varieties may be sown from November to February, on the warmest and most sheltered border: these may be gathered in May and June. The second early round, varieties, if sown from January to April, will be ready for gathering in June and July. The main crop round varieties may be sown from February to May: these will be ready to gather in July and August. The early wrinkled varieties may be sown from March to June, for gathering between June and September. Sow main crop and late varieties at intervals of fourteen days from March to May: these will be ready to gather in July, August, and September. When the plants are a couple of inches high draw the earth neatly round them, and stake the taller varieties as soon as the tendrils appear. Keep them well watered in dry weather, and if on a light soil a mulching of manure will be beneficial. As soon as the pods are setting apply weak liquid manure to the roots when the ground is moist.

Peas, Everlasting (Lathyrus Latifolia).—These well-known and favourite hardy perennials are very useful for covering trellises, etc. They will grow in any garden soil, and may be raised from seed sown early in spring in slight heat. Where there is no greenhouse or frame the seed may be planted, about ½ in. deep, round the edges of pots filled with nice, light soil, and covered with a sheet of glass, keeping the soil moist till the seed germinates. When the plants are strong enough they may be placed in their permanent quarters. They bloom from June to September. Old roots may be divided. Height, 6 ft.

Peas, Sweet.—These most beautiful and profuse blooming hardy annuals will grow almost anywhere, but they prefer a dry soil that is both rich and light. The seed should be sown as early in March as practicable, and in April and May for succession. When the plants are 2 or 3 in. high a few twigs may be placed among them, to which they will cling. The flowers are produced in July, and the more liberally they are gathered the longer the plants will continue to bloom. Height, 3 ft.

Pelargonium.—The shrubby kinds will grow well in any rich soil; loam and decayed leaves form a good compost for them. They require good drainage and plenty of air and light while in a vigorous state. Cuttings root readily in either soil or sand, especially if placed under glass. Most of the hard-wooded varieties are more easily increased by cuttings from the roots. The tuberous-rooted ones should be kept quite dry while dormant, and may be increased by small off-sets from the roots.

Pentstemon.—This charming hardy perennial is deserving of a place in every garden. It may be grown in any good soil, but a mixture of loam and peat is most suitable. The seed may be sown in April, and the plants transferred when strong enough to their flowering quarters; or it may be sown in a sheltered position during August or September to stand the winter. It may also be increased by dividing the roots in spring, as soon as growth begins. Cuttings of the young side-shoots about 6 in. long may be taken at any period—the middle of September is a good time; these should be placed under a hand-glass in sandy loam and leaf-mould. These cuttings will flower the first year. It blooms from May to October. Height, 2 ft.

Peppermint.—This may be grown on any damp or marshy soil, and increased by dividing the roots.

Perennials.—These are plants that die down during the winter, but spring up and produce new stems annually. Some, as for instance Antirrhinums and Pansies, flower the first season, but usually they do not bloom till the second season. Many of the species improve by age, forming large clumps or bushes. The stock is increased by division of the roots, which, if judiciously done, improves the plant. Like annuals, they are divided into classes of Hardy, Half-hardy, and Tender plants.

Hardy perennials do not require artificial heat to germinate the seeds, or at any period of their growth, but are the most easily cultivated of all plants. Seed may be sown from March to midsummer, transplanting in the autumn to their flowering quarters; or it may be sown in August and September in a sheltered position to stand the winter.

Half-hardy plants require artificial heat to germinate their seed, and must be gradually introduced into the open. They may be sown during March and April in frames or a greenhouse, when many will bloom the first season. If sown between May and the end of August they will flower the following spring and summer. They require protection during winter, such as is afforded by a cold pit, frame, or greenhouse, or the covering of a mat or litter. Tender perennials may be sown as directed above, but the plants should be kept constantly under glass.

Some perennials, such as Pinks, Carnations, Saxifrages, etc., do not die down, but retain their leaves. These are called evergreen perennials.

Pergularia.—Very fragrant twining plants, suitable for trellis-work, arbours, etc. A rich soil suits them best. They are easily increased by cuttings sown in sand under glass. They flower at midsummer. Height, 8 ft. to 12 ft.

Perilla Nankinensis.—A plant of little merit, except for its foliage, which is of a rich bronze purple. It bears a cream-coloured flower in July. It may be raised in the same manner as other half-hardy annuals, and prefers a light, loamy soil. Height, 1 1/2 ft.

Periploca Graeca.—A hardy, deciduous, twining shrub, which will grow in any soil, and may be increased by layers or by cuttings placed under glass. It flowers in July. Height, 10 ft.

Periwinkle.—See "Vinca."

Pernettya.—An American evergreen shrub, which, like all of its class, thrives best in sandy peat; it delights in partial shade, and a moist but well-drained position. It is increased by layers in September, which should not be disturbed for a year. It is a good plan to mulch the roots with leaf-mould or well-rotted manure. Height, 5 ft.

Petunias.—These ornamental half-hardy perennials prefer a mixture of sandy loam and vegetable mould, but will grow in any rich, light soil. Seeds sown in March or April, at a temperature of from 65 to 75 degrees, make fine bedding plants for a summer or autumn display. As the seeds are very minute, they should be covered merely with a dusting of the finest of soil. Moisture is best supplied by standing the pots up to the rims in water. Pot off singly, harden off, and plant out at the end of May. May also easily be raised from cuttings, which will strike at any season in heat, but care must be taken that they do not damp off. They flower in July and August. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2 ft.

Phacelia Campanularia.—A superb, rich blue, hardy annual. It will grow in any soil, and is easily raised from seed sown in spring. Flowers are borne in June. Height, 1-1/2 ft.

Phalaris.—P. Arundinacea is the well-known perennial Ribbon Grass; it is easily grown from seed, and the root allows division. P. Canariensis is the useful canary seed: it may be propagated from seed on any soil. Height, 1-1/2 ft.

Philadelphus.—Among the best of our flowering shrubs, producing a wealth of sweetly-scented flowers. For cultivation, see "Syringa."

Philesia.—An American evergreen shrub which grows best in peat, but will thrive in any light soil. It should occupy a cool position, but be well sheltered from winds. It is increased by suckers. Flowers in June. Height, 4 ft.

Phillyrea.—This effective border evergreen will grow in any ordinary garden soil, and may be increased either by layers or cuttings. It has dark green shining leaves, and is quite hardy. Height, 6 ft.

Phlomis (Lion's Tail).—This effective hardy perennial will grow in any rich, light soil in a warm position, and is a fine lawn plant. Flowers are produced from June to August. It may be increased by seed or division. Protect the plant from damp in winter. Height, 3 ft.

Phlox.—For richness of colour and duration of bloom there are few plants that can rival either the annual or perennial Phlox. The trailing kinds are very suitable for small pots or rock-work, C. Drummondi for beds, and the French perennials, P. Decussata, for mixed borders. A rich, loamy soil suits them best, and they must never lack moisture. They are easily raised in spring from seed, and the perennials may be increased by cuttings placed under glass, or by division. Flower in July. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.

Phormium Tenax.—A greenhouse herbaceous plant which succeeds best in rich loam. It flowers in August, and may be propagated by dividing the roots. Height, 3 ft.

Phygelius Capensis.—A greenhouse perennial bearing carmine and yellow flowers in June, but is hardy enough to be grown on a warm border. It is increased by off-sets from the root, taken off in May. Height, 2 ft.

Physalis (Winter Cherry).—A rich, light soil is most suitable for the stove and greenhouse kinds, cuttings of which root freely under glass. The hardy kinds will grow in any soil, and are increased by seed. P. Francheti produces seed-pods over 2 in. in diameter, the Cherry-like fruit of which is edible and makes a fine preserve. It is larger than that of the old Winter Cherry, P. Alkekengi. They flower in August. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.

Physianthus Albens.—This evergreen climber is a good plant for training to the rafters of a greenhouse. It grows well in a mixture of sandy loam and peat, and should receive bold treatment. Its white flowers are produced in July. The plant is propagated by seeds, also by cuttings. Height, 20 ft.

Physostegia.—Ornamental hardy herbaceous plants, ranging in colour from white to purple. They like a rich soil, and can be raised from seed sown in March. They also bear division. July and August are their flowering months. Height, from 1 ft. to 5 ft.

Phyteuma Hallierii.—A very pretty hardy perennial. It will thrive in any soil, blooms from May to August, and can be readily increased by seed or division. Height, 1-1/2 ft.

Phytolacca Decandra (Virginian Poke).—A very fine herbaceous plant, bearing bunches of pretty black berries. It requires a rich soil and plenty of room for its widespreading branches. Cuttings will strike under glass, or the seed may be sown in autumn. It flowers in August. Height, 6 ft.

Picotees.—See "Carnations."

Pimelias.—Very beautiful, compact, and free-growing greenhouse everlasting shrubs. The most suitable soil consists of three parts sandy peat and one part loam, with good drainage. June or July is their flowering season. They may be grown from seed or young cuttings 2 in. long, placed in sandy peat, with a little bottom heat. Do not give too much water. Height, 2 ft. to 4 ft.

Pimpernel.—See "Anagallis."

Pinguicula Grandiflora (Great Irish Butterwort).—This handsome, hardy bog-plant produces deep violet-blue flowers in August and September. It may be grown in any damp soil and increased by division. Height, 1-1/2 ft.

Pinks.—Will live in almost any soil, but if large blooms are required rich earth is essential. They are increased by pipings taken in May or June. These should be planted out in October, but must be given a well-drained position, as too much wet is injurious to them. Do not set the roots too deep, but let the collar of the plant be on a level with the soil.

Pinus.—As a tall specimen tree nothing is more graceful than the Corsican Pine (Pinus Laricio). P. Strobus Nana is a curious dwarf variety, rarely exceeding 3 ft. in height. The Argentea Aurea is also of dwarf habit. Its leaves, which are green in summer, change to a bright golden colour in winter. The Umbrella Pine (Sciadopitys) is a very striking conifer, and does well everywhere. It gets its name from its leaves being set at regular intervals round the branches, like the ribs of an umbrella. The Pinus may be increased by layers, or by sowing the cones in spring, after they have opened out, in rather sandy soil, covering them lightly.

Piping.—This consists in drawing out the young grass, or shoots, from the joints of Pinks, etc., from May to July being the time for doing so. Place them in light, sandy soil, and cover them with a hand-glass. Towards the end of September they may be planted out in beds or potted off in rich, light loam. In either case they must not be planted too deeply. The crust of the soil should be level with the collar of the plant. If the pots are put into a frame the plants will require very little water during winter, but as much air should be given as is possible. In March re-pot them, using 8-1/2-in. pots.

Platycodon (Japanese Balloon Flower).—Hardy and elegant herbaceous plants, requiring a sandy soil. They may be raised either from seeds or from cuttings of the young growth; they flower in July. Height, 1 ft.

Platystemon Californicus.—Pretty hardy annuals which thrive in a sandy soil. They are easily raised from seed sown in March or April, and bring forth their flowers in August. Height, 1 ft.

Pleroma Elegans.—A beautiful evergreen shrub for a greenhouse. Pot in equal parts of loam, peat, and sand. It flowers in July. Cuttings may be struck in peat in a rather warm temperature. Height, 4 ft.

Plumbago.—These pretty evergreens will grow in any soil, and can be propagated in September by cuttings of half-ripened wood having a heal, planted in a sandy soil, and kept near the glass in a greenhouse. They flower in June. Height, 3 ft. P. Occidentalis is a charming greenhouse climber. P. Capensis Alba is a greenhouse evergreen shrub, flowering in November, and growing to a height of 2 ft. P. Larpentae is good for a sunny border, in light soil: it bears terminal clusters of rich violet-purple flowers in September. Height, 1 ft. Plumbagoes require very little attention in winter.

Plums.—Almost any soil will grow this useful fruit. Young trees may be planted at any time, when the ground is friable, from November to March, but the earlier it is done the better. The situation should be somewhat sheltered. In exposed positions protection may be afforded by a row of damson trees. Many varieties are suitable for growing on walls or sheds, where they are trained into fans, as cordons, and other decorative designs; but it must not be overlooked that until the trees are well established a great deal of fruit is necessarily lost by the severe pruning and disbudding which is required to bring the tree into shape. A pyramid-shaped tree is useful, and is easily grown by training one straight, central shoot, which must be stopped occasionally so that fresh side branches may be thrown out, which of course must be kept at the desired length. A bush tree about 7 ft. in height is undoubtedly the best form of growth, and needs but a minimum amount of attention. In pruning wall trees the main object is to get the side-shoots equally balanced, and to prevent the growth advancing in the centre. The bush form merely require the removal of any dead wood and of cross-growing branches. This should be done late in the summer or in the autumn. The trees are frequently attacked by a small moth, known as the Plum Fortrix, which eats its way into the fruit and causes it to fall. In this case the fallen unripe fruit should be gathered up and burned, and the trees washed in winter with caustic potash and soda. For growing on walls the following kinds may be recommended: Diamond, White Magnum Bonum, Pond's Seedling, and Belle de Louvain for cooking; and Kirke, Coe's Golden Drop, and Jefferson for dessert. For pyramids and bushes, Victoria, Early Prolific, Prince Engelbert, Sultan, and Belgian Purple are good sorts. In orchards Plums should stand 20 ft. apart.

Poa Trivalis.—A very pretty, dwarf-growing, variegated grass. Plant in a moist situation in a rich, light, loamy soil. It is increased either by seed or division.

Podocarpus.—See "Cephalotaxus."

Podolepis.—Hardy annuals bearing yellow and red and white flowers. A mixture of loam and peat is most suitable for their growth. They are easily raised from seed sown in March, and bloom from June to August. Height, 1-1/2 ft.

Podophyllum Peltatum (Duck's Foot, or May Apple).—Grown chiefly for its foliage and berries, this hardy herbaceous perennial forms a pleasing spectacle when planted in moist soil under trees; it likewise makes a splendid pot-plant. A mixture of peat and chopped sphagnum is what it likes. The pots are usually plunged in wet sand or ashes on a northern border. It is propagated by cutting the roots into pieces several inches in length, with a good bud or crown on each. During May and June the plant produces small white Dog-rose-like flowers. Height, 1 ft.

Poinsettia Pulcherrima.—A stove evergreen shrub which produces lovely crimson bracts in the winter. Plant in sandy loam, give plenty of water to the roots, and syringe the leaves frequently. In early spring cut down the branches to within three or four eyes of the old wood. These cuttings, if laid aside for a day to dry and then planted under glass, will form new plants. It flowers in April. Height, 2 ft.

Polemonium (Jacob's Ladder).—Hardy perennial border plants of an ornamental character and of the easiest culture. Any soil suits them, and they merely require sowing in the open either in spring or autumn. P. Richardsoni is most commonly met with, its blue flowers being produced in early autumn. Height, 1-1/2 ft.

Polyanthus.—Sow the seed late in autumn in well-drained boxes of light, rich mould; cover it very lightly, place under glass, and water sparingly, but give enough to keep the plants moist. The seed requires no artificial heat to germinate it. The roots should be divided each year as soon as they have flowered, and fresh soil given. The single varieties only are florists' flowers. The Polyanthus is a species of primrose, grows best in a rather shady position in a loam and peat compost, and produces its flowers in May. Height, 6 in.

Polygala Chamaesbuxus.—A hardy evergreen trailing plant requiring a peat soil in which to grow. It may be increased from seed or by division of the roots. May is the time at which it blooms. Height, 6 in.

Polygala Dalmaisiana.—This showy evergreen shrub needs a greenhouse treatment. Soil—three parts peat, one part turfy loam, and a little sand. It flowers in March. To increase it, top the shoots, which will cause it to throw out new ones. Take the new growth off when it is 3 in. long, and place it under glass in a propagating house. Height, 1 ft.

The hardy annual varieties of Polygala are obtained by seed sown in peat. These flower at midsummer. (See also "Solomon's Seal.")

Polygonatum.—These pretty herbaceous plants are quite hardy. The flowers, which are borne in May or June, are mostly white. Plants succeed best in a rich soil. They may be raised from seed, or the roots can be divided. Height, 1ft. to 3 ft.

Polygonum Brunonis (Knotweed).—This strong-growing creeping perennial plant is not particular as to soil so long as it can enjoy plenty of sunshine. The shoots root of themselves and must be kept in check, else they will choke other things. It flowers in August, after which the leaves assume beautiful autumnal tints. Height, 1 ft.

Pomegranate.—This requires a deep, loamy soil and a warm, airy situation. May be propagated by cuttings of the shrubs or the root, putting the cuttings into light, rich soil, or by layers. The double kinds of Punica, or Pomegranate, should be grafted on to the single ones. There is a dwarf kind, bearing scarlet flowers in August, which requires heat.

Poppies.—See "Papaver" and "Stylophorum."

Portulaca.—The seeds of the hardy annual species of this genus may be sown in a sheltered open spot in spring. The half-hardy annuals should be sown thinly in boxes during March and placed in gentle heat. Harden off and plant out in May, as soon as the weather permits, in a light, dry soil where it can get a good amount of sunshine. Its brilliant and striking colour admirably adapts it for small beds, edgings, or rock-work; and it will succeed in dry, hot sandy positions where scarcely any other plant would live. It flowers in June. Height, 6 in.

Potatoes.—Ground intended for Potatoes should be dug deeply in the autumn, thoroughly drained, well manured and trenched, and left rough on the surface during the winter. At the beginning of February stand the tubers on end in shallow boxes, and expose them to the light to induce the growth of short, hard, purple sprouts. Allow one sprout to each tuber or set, rubbing off the rest. They may be planted at any time from the end of February to the end of March in rows 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 ft. asunder, placing the sets 6 in. deep and from 6 to 9 in. apart. As soon as growth appears keep the ground well stirred with the hoe to prevent the growth of weeds, and when the tops are 4 to 6 in. high ridge the earth up about them. Directly flower appears, pick it off, as it retards the growth of the tubers. They should be taken up and stored in October. If short of storage room dig up every other row only, and give the remaining ridges an additional covering of earth. They keep well this way.

Potentilla.—Handsome herbaceous plants with Strawberry-like foliage. They will grow in any common soil, and may be increased by dividing the roots or by seeds treated like other hardy perennials. The shrubby kinds are well adapted for the fronts of shrubberies, and are propagated by cuttings taken in autumn and planted in a sheltered situation. They flower at midsummer. Height, 1-1/2 ft.

Pratia Repens (Lobelia Pratiana).—This pretty little creeping perennial is very suitable for the front of rock-work. It requires a well-drained vegetable soil and all the sun it can get. It is self-propagating. Though pretty hardy, it is safer to pot it off in autumn and place it in a cold frame throughout the winter. Flowers are produced in June, and are succeeded till cut off by frost.

Primroses.—See "Primulas," and "Streptocarpus."

Primulas.—This genus embraces the Auricula, the Polyanthus, and the Primrose. The greenhouse varieties are among the most useful of our winter-flowering plants. The seed may be sown at any time from March to July in a pot of two-year-old manure, leaf-mould, or fine, rich mould, but not covering it with the soil. Tie a sheet of paper over the pot and plunge it in a hotbed. Sufficient moisture will be communicated to the seed by keeping the paper damp. When the plants make their appearance remove the paper and place the pot in the shady part of the greenhouse. When they are strong enough to handle, pot off into 4-1/2 in. pots, and stand them near the glass. The roots may be divided as soon as the plants have done flowering. The hardy kinds may be sown in the open. It should be borne in mind that the seed must be new, as it soon loses its germinating properties. These flower in March or April. Height, 6 in.

Prince's Feather.—An ornamental hardy annual, producing tall spikes of dark crimson flowers and purple-tinted foliage. It is not particular as to soil, and merely requires sowing in the open in spring to produce flowers in July. Height, 2 ft.

Privet.—See "Ligustrum."

Prophet's Flower.—See "Arnebia."

Prunella Grandiflora.—A pretty hardy perennial, suitable for a front border or rock-work, bearing dense spikes of flowers from May to August. It grows well in any ordinary soil, and is propagated by division. Height, 6 in.

Prunus.—Beautiful early-flowering trees, which will grow in any soil, and can be increased by seeds or suckers.

Ptelia Trifoliata (Hop Tree).—This is very suitable for planting on the borders of still waters, where its long frond-like leaves, which turn to a golden yellow in autumn, produce a fine effect. It blooms in June, and is propagated by layers. Height, 10 ft.

Pulmonarias (Lungworts).—Hardy perennials that require but little attention; may be grown in any common soil, and propagated by division at any time. They flower in April and May. Height, 1 ft.

Pumilum.—See "Heleniums."

Pumpkins.—Valuable for soups and pies in winter, and in summer the young shoots are an excellent substitute for Asparagus. For their cultivation, see "Gourds."

Punica Granata Nana.—A greenhouse deciduous shrub which flowers in August. The soil in which it is placed should be a light, rich loam. It can be most freely multiplied by layers, and cuttings will strike in sand under glass. Height, 4 ft.

Puschkinia (Striped Squills).—This charming bulbous plant may be grown in any light, rich mould, provided it is drained well. The bulbs may be separated when the clumps get overcrowded, late in summer, after the tops have died down, being the most suitable time to do so. If planted in a warm position it will begin to flower in March, and continue in bloom till May. Height, 8 in.

Pyrethrum.—The greenhouse kinds grow in any rich soil, and young cuttings planted under glass root readily. The hardy kinds are not particular as to soil so long as it is not cold and wet, and are increased by seeds sown in heat in February if wanted for early use, or in the open during March and April for later growth. The crowns may be divided either in autumn or spring: each eye or bud will make a fresh plant. Young plants produced in this way in the autumn require the protection of a frame during the winter. They flower in July. Height varies from 6 in. to 3 ft.

Pyrola.—A handsome hardy plant, suitable for a moist, shady situation. It is raised from seed, or will bear dividing, but is rather hard to grow. Height, 6 in.

Pyrus Japonica.—See "Cydonia."